γ-Secretase: a multifaceted regulator of angiogenesis

Physiological angiogenesis is essential for development, homeostasis and tissue repair but pathological neovascularization is a major feature of tumours, rheumatoid arthritis and ocular complications. Studies over the last decade have identified -secretase, a presenilin-dependent protease, as a key regulator of angiogenesis through: (i ) regulated intramembrane proteolysis and transmembrane cleavage of receptors (e.g. VEGFR-1, Notch, ErbB-4, IGFI-R) followed by translocation of the intracellular domain to the nucleus, (ii ) translocation of full length membrane-bound receptors to the nucleus (VEGFR-1), (iii ) phosphorylation of membrane bound proteins (VEGFR-1 and ErbB-4), (iv) modulation of adherens junctions (cadherin) and regulation of permeability and (v) cleavage of amyloid precursor protein to amyloidwhich is able to regulate the angiogenic process. The -secretase-induced translocation of receptors to the nucleus provides an alternative intracellular signalling pathway, which acts as a potent regulator of transcription. -secretase is a complex composed of four different integral proteins (presenilin, nicastrin, Aph-1 and Pen-2), which determine the stability, substrate binding, substrate specificity and proteolytic activity of -secretase. This seeming complexity allows numerous possibilities for the development of targeted -secretase agonists/antagonists, which can specifically regulate the angiogenic process. This review will consider the structure and function of -secretase, the growing evidence for its role in angiogenesis and the substrates involved, -secretase as a therapeutic target and future challenges in this area.